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Supply chain managers are forced to develop crisis-induced strategies due to the complexity of crises, as opposed to the more traditional strategies that prioritize competitive priorities. The increasing frequency and severity of recent crises, such as the coronavirus outbreaks, widespread product recalls, and financial crises, highlight the need for introspective and retrospective socio-economic insights on the contexts, priorities, and themes of supply chain management in times of crisis. This article's goal is to review the literature on supply chain management during times of crisis, organizing the relevant body of scholarly work in a systematic way, outlining current research methodologies, capturing strategic priorities and themes of complexity in research studies, and highlighting opportunities for additional research. Four factors for restorative priorities are identified by the review, which is based on a systematic analysis of 250 academic publications from 1996 to 2021 and reflects operations strategy in times of crisis: Critical supplies with important services, prompt action with restoration, safety with security, and traceability with transparency are just a few examples. The analysis also reveals that network configurations and business cycle complexity, optimal choices and provisioning system complexity, complicated learning processes and demand forecast are all sources of operational complexity during crises. The build-to-cycle, organic capabilities, and operational mindfulness framings for supply chain management in emergency situations are suggested with the use of review insights. The article ends with suggestions for future research on supply chain improvements, diagnosis, solidarity, mapping, temporariness, and thresholds, as well as optimal selection issues on connecting crisis network allocations with cross-functionalities and connecting crisis systems investments with liabilities.
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Introduction and objective: Diabetes, with its medical complications and societal consequences, is one the most difficult concerns for modern society. The purpose of this narrative review is to characterize the selected public health challenges and opportunities resulting from diabetes in Poland, as well as to identify public health measures that may be adopted to lower the diabetes burden in Poland. Review methods: This narrative review is based on the literature about diabetes in Poland. Scientific papers on diabetes published between 1 January 2010-31 January 2023, available in the PubMed database, were identified using a combination of the following key words: 'diabetes', 'Poland', 'public knowledge', 'management' and 'costs'. Particular attention was paid to the following diabetes-related issues: (1) current and forecast prevalence of diabetes in Poland, (2) diabetic care before and after the COVID-19 pandemic onset, (3) public knowledge of diabetes and diabetes risk factors, and (4) public health interventions to reduce the diabetes burden at the population level. Abbreviated description of the state of knowledge: A continuous growth of both the incidence and the prevalence of diabetes is predicted. Due to insufficient public awareness of diabetes risk factors and symptoms, and the health-debt caused by COVID-19 pandemic, a further rise in the number of diabetic complications is expected, as well as an increase in public spending on health care and social insurance systems. Summary: Public health interventions targeted at preventing diabetes and its complications should not be confined to reducing complications and improving diabetes care, but also include a wide range of initiatives aimed at addressing the fundamental causes of diabetes. Future study should look at the cost-effectiveness of such initiatives in order to mobilize different stakeholders and society.
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This special issue contains 11 s that discuss recent learnings and developments in healthcare financing from a global perspective. The s cover a range of topics such as the impact of mental illness on poverty and catastrophic health expenditure in India, financing challenges in the American healthcare industry, comparative analysis of health system financing in India and Saudi Arabia, and the contribution of the Ghana National Health Insurance Scheme to inequality in healthcare utilisation. Other s explore the influence of socio-economic status on health financing choices in Jambi Province, households' willingness to pay for community-based health insurance in Bangladesh, and changes in household expenditures during the first wave of COVID-19 in India. The issue also includes discussions on managing the provider-purchaser split in India and reconsidering patient value to create better healthcare.
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In the context of a developing country like Cameroon characterized by the scarcity of financial resources and the appearance of Covid-19, this article shows that this pandemic was not more important than the pre-existing health problems to the point of giving it more importance in funding compared to strengthening the health system. The theoretical elasticity model of the poverty rate to growth is used to estimate the impact of Covid-19 and the incidence of impoverishing health expenditure is used for the impact of common diseases. It is estimated through direct health payments that common diseases push about 340,865 people into extreme poverty annually. The Covid-19, through the loss of growth generated between 4.8 and 6.6 points according to the optimistic or pessimistic scenarios, would impoverish between 224,193 and 398,565 people: impact on the number of poor ranging from 0.7 to 1.2 times that of all common diseases, i.e., equivalent on average, but sensitive to the speed of spread of the virus and the duration of the crisis while the impact of common diseases is structural and linked to the poorly performing health system. The solutions proposed are endogenous and linked to the impact mechanisms.
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We report results from the first randomization of a regulatory reform in the health sector. The reform established minimum quality standards for patient safety, an issue that has become increasingly salient following the Ebola and COVID-19 epidemics. In our experiment, all 1348 health facilities in three Kenyan counties were classified into 273 markets, and the markets were then randomly allocated to treatment and control groups. Government inspectors visited health facilities and, depending on the results of their inspection, recommended closure or a timeline for improvements. The intervention increased compliance with patient safety measures in both public and private facilities (more so in the latter) and reallocated patients from private to public facilities without increasing out-of-pocket payments or decreasing facility use. In treated markets, improvements were equally marked throughout the quality distribution, consistent with a simple model of vertical differentiation in oligopolies. Our paper thus establishes the use of experimental techniques to study regulatory reforms and, in doing so, shows that minimum standards can improve quality across the board without adversely affecting utilization.
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The COVID-19 pandemic has presented unique challenges for human service providers, especially as face-to-face services were limited by both formal and informal efforts to protect public health. Telehealth has emerged as a main strategy to ensure continuity of care. This study explored adaptations to services in child advocacy centers (CACs) and sexual violence resource centers (SVRCs) across the Commonwealth of Kentucky, particularly using telehealth. This study highlights respondents' suggestions about improving these service delivery systems and the particular emphasis on challenges and strengths of telehealth for reaching those in rural areas.
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Facing the unmet need for new, affordable medicines for public health crises, how should states' duty to ensure that everyone shares in the benefits of science be understood in relation to pandemic vaccine supply, and how has the United Nations Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights monitored the implementation of this right? In this paper, we examine the contours and content of state obligations with regard to pandemic vaccine supply under the right to science (article 15(1)(b) of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights), focusing on three aspects of state obligations: mobilizing public resources for developing and disseminating the benefits of scientific progress in areas of public health need;preventing unreasonably high medicines prices;and international cooperation, particularly in a globalized health emergency. The committee regularly assesses state parties' implementation of their obligations under the covenant, culminating in the issuing of concluding observations, which often serve as a basis for the next round of periodic reporting by states and can thereby direct future state action. Our analysis of the committee's concluding observations reveals that the committee has inconsistently applied its own guidance on the right to science regarding medicines and intellectual property in these monitoring exercises. These findings inform a rights-based response to medical innovation for health crises and advance the Sustainable Development Goal target on medicines research and development.
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Background: The most well-known classification of the cost of diseases is direct medical cost. The aim of this study is to investigate and analyze direct treatment costs of patients with Covid-19 by hospitals affiliated with Ilam University of Medical Sciences. Methods: This was a descriptive-analytical, cross-sectional study performed retrospectively. The hospital expenditure information in Ilam province from March to October 2020 was used. Cost information related to all patients was collected and classified and reviewed using Excel 2016 software. The average direct treatment costs of hospitalized patients were also determined. Results: The direct costs of treatment in hospitalized patients in Ilam were estimated at $ 2349272.094 (98669427959 billion Rials). The per capita direct medical costs were calculated to be $ 1228.056 (51578373 million Rials). The largest share of the cost related to pharmaceutical services and the share of basic insurance was equal to $ 934.570 (39,252,109 million Rials). Conclusion: Results of the study indicated that the treatment costs of patients entering Ilam province are high, and the highest cost concerns pharmaceutical services. Taking necessary measures to prevent and control the spread of coronary artery, using the most cost-effective drug interventions and reducing unnecessary hospital stays of patients can increase the efficiency of financial resources and reduce direct medical costs in Ilam province.
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Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has caused many economic problems worldwide, in Iran as well, causing Hospitals to face many financial problems. Objectives: Based on documented data on pharmacotherapy, costs, and its effectiveness, this study aimed to analyze the costs and outcomes of hospitalized patients with COVID-19 under pharmacotherapy in Iran. Methods: This research was a retrospective analytical descriptive study. Relevant data of the COVID-19 hospitalized patients' were extracted from the Hospital's Medical Records Department. All items of direct medical costs, such as visits, nursing services, consuming materials, laboratories, imaging, medical operations, medications, and beds, were extracted by reviewing COVID-19 hospitalized patients' files in different wards of the Shohada Ashayer Hospital in Khorramabad city in 2021. Results: A total of 399 patients were examined in this study. The total direct medical costs per patient was 338.63 US$. Of note, the highest cost was related to medicine (32.56%), more than the cost of bed (22.77%). The most commonly used drugs were Lopinavir (95%) and Azithromycin (90%), and the highest medicine cost per patient was related to Immunoglobulin (64.32 US$) and Remdesivir (46.91 US$). Conclusion: Medicine and hospitalization costs accounted for the largest share of the total treatment costs of patients. Therefore, reducing bed costs requires home treatments and outpatient injections. Furthermore, due to rising drug costs, prescriptions should be based on standard treatment protocols.
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Introduction: The High Mountain Region (RHM) is the most productive and socioeconomic region for the coffee cultivation in the state of Veracruz, Mexico, and one of the most representative of the sector at the national level. Background: To determine the quality of life (QL) from the objective and subjective point of view of the small coffee producers (SP) in RHM, Mexico. Materials and methods: One hundred and fifty semi-structured interviews were applied to producers in eleven municipalities located in: Comapa, Coscomatepec, Huatusco, Ixhuatl..n del caf.., Sochiapa, Tenampa, Tomatl..n, Totutla, Tlaltetela, Tlacotepec, and Zentla, during 2020. Descriptive statistics and trend measurements were obtained. Results: At objective level the QL was found to be low, but at the farmers' subjective level, it was determined to be acceptable. In the objective assessment, it was identified that the SP have minimal education (primary), the income is not adequate (they require activities outside the farm with an average net annual income of US $ 416 to US $ 1115), the cost of health has increased (due to the COVID-19 pandemic), and proper nutrition is lacking (19 to 25 meals per month). In the subjective assessment there is insecurity and distrust with the government authorities, however, the producers have adapted to living in adverse socioeconomic contexts, since they value community life, intra-family relationships and their environment (coffee growing), which could be influenced by their own worldview. Conclusion: With or without knowledge of the concept of quality, producers have developed a learned or acquired capacity, both individually and collectively to adapt to the environment. Objectively, the quality of life is considered low, however, the interviewees had a perception of satisfaction both individually and collectively.
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Introduction: The global coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has made the provision of cancer care services a challenging task all over the world, even in developed countries. Multiple studies have already reported increased rate of diagnostic delays, interruptions in radiotherapy and chemotherapy administration, and shortage of health care personnel to deliver these services. Background: The aim of this study was to analyze the impact of strategies used to deliver uninterrupted childhood cancer services at our center during the COVID-19 pandemic. Materials and Methods: This is a cross-sectional study of the children less than 18 years of age admitted at our center between March 2020 and September 2021 to assess the effect of strategies adopted to provide uninterrupted cancer services during the COVID-19 pandemic. All the children with cancer who were managed during the study period were included in the study. The children who had treatment interruptions/lost to follow-up prior to onset of COVID-19 were excluded from the study. The primary outcome was to measure the effect of COVID-19 on delivery of cancer care services. The secondary outcome was to assess whether the strategies followed at our center helped to reduce diagnostic delays or loss to follow-up during the COVID-19 pandemic. Results: Out of total 1,490 admissions, 199 children were managed during the study period. Among the 199 children managed, 124 of them were newly diagnosed, 75 had ongoing treatment, 16 children relapsed, 13 children received palliative care, and 6 families were lost to follow-up. Out of 1,471 tests done, only 16 children and 6 caregivers tested COVID-19 positive during routine screening. Thirty-five underwent surgery and 23 received radiotherapy during this period. Among 199 children, 143 (71.8%) received financial support for hospital expenses, 23 (11.5%) received travel support, 20 (10%) were provided free accommodation, and 15 (7.5%) received home delivery of oral chemotherapy and pain medications. A total of $86,989.05 was supported for diagnostic investigations, COVID-19 testing, chemotherapy, and supportive care;$1,144.90 for travel support;and $17,010.94 was waived off by hospital administration to support the poor families. Conclusion: The shared care model, support from nongovernmental organizations and hospital administration, and utilization of local resources productively and effectively helped to avoid diagnostic delays and treatment interruptions, and provide uninterrupted pediatric cancer care services at our center.
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In an effort to contain the advancement of the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, many states have introduced unprecedented peacetime measures ranging from border closures and travel bans to the suspension of visa exemptions, as well as internal mobility restrictions, including full lockdowns and quarantine for incoming passengers. Nevertheless, coercive measures such as sanctions continue to be applied during the COVID-19 outbreak and have largely undermined sanctioned countries' capacity to respond to the pandemic. The latter has prompted renewed discussion of the humanitarian costs of this frequently deployed foreign policy tool against the civilian populations in the target countries. The inconsistent application of border controls and travel restrictions by states also raise questions as to the politics of pandemics and how they fulfill the International Health Regulations. Framed from a geopolitical perspective, this study aims to discuss the power of sanctions regime in relation to state responses to the COVID-19 pandemic. This paper also discusses the degree of selectivity of border restrictions by major global tourism destinations. While the COVID-19 pandemic is first and foremost a health crisis, its implications are economically and geo-politically far-reaching with corresponding implications for the framing of travel and tourism within humanitarian and political contexts.
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Parliamentarians are agents of change, and their role is critical to ensure a world where all people are eating healthy diets from sustainable, inclusive, and resilient agri-food systems. Members of the Parliament hold a strategic position as they can shape policies and actions for improving food availability, accessibility, and affordability for all people, especially the most vulnerable, to ensure their food security and good nutrition for health and wellbeing. Objectives that are more important than ever in the current context of the COVID-19 pandemic. This handbook is addressed to Parliamentarians to support them in adopting domestic legislation, approving budget allocations, and overseeing public-sector policies towards transforming food systems that deliver healthy diets for all. This handbook was prepared by the Inter-Parliamentary Union and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, in collaboration with the Scaling Up Nutrition (SUN) Movement, the World Health Organization (WHO), the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) and the African Union Development Agency's New Partnership for Africa's Development (AUDA-NEPAD).
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The crisis caused by the Covid-19 pandemic has brought security policies at the center of the political debate, stressing the responsibility of European and national institutions in guaranteeing the right to food. In Europe, still in December 2019 the Commission document on CAP reforms and Green Deal omitted any reference to food security, underlying environmental topics. The pandemic has led to a growing demand for security of supplies, which in some States brought attention to the issues of food sovereignty, hitherto confined to developing countries. In December 2020, the European Commission, recognizing the effects of the pandemic, insisted on the need for "Fostering a smart, resilient and diversified agricultural sector ensuring food security", giving back attention to food security and agricultural production as essential purposes of the CAP. The question remains as to how much the renewed purposes assigned to European intervention will translate into coherent measures, and whether the declared simplification is not actually translating into the administration of agriculture, and thereby into complication. The challenge facing institutions today, in the context of the G20 and in individual countries, made manifest by the joint work of the pandemic and the climate emergency, is to combine joint attention to environmental sustainability and to effective production.
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Objective: To assess the global epidemic of Coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19) in October 2022 and the risk of importation.
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The outbreak of the 'new type coronavirus (COVID-19)' has affected all commercial sectors including the tourism sector, nearly bringing mobility in tourism to a halt. The aim of this study is to determine the possible effects of the outbreak on the cost items of hotel businesses. The method of the study is based on the qualitative research method. In this context, a large five-star hotel enterprise (luxury segment) in Istanbul Province was examined. The work is designed in the context of a case-by-case method. In this respect, the effects of the outbreak on the cost items of the business were examined by the hotel employees. Data of the study were obtained through the semi-structured questions form. The study concluded that food and beverages, front office, sales and booking, parking and spa-health departments were the most affected cost items. Ahead, the COVID-19 outbreak can negatively affect people economically, and subsequently, people's purchasing power may also decline. For this reason, suggestions are made for how businesses can create affordable pricing policies for consumers and their own businesses in their products and services.
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Background: The covid-19 pandemic has affected the health insurance industry in numerous ways.
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This article describes the negative effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the production, supply and international marketing and trade of lysine, vitamin and trace element supplements in animal feeds.
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This article describes the regulatory, health and environmental aspects of defaunation, including its effects on biodiversity, the status of COVID-19 and other zoonoses, wildlife conservation and One Health.
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During the Covid-19 health crisis, global food consumption, especially that of pork products, experienced strong disruptions in a short time. The consumption per distribution channel of pork products and meat from other species was monitored by combining two complementary data sets. The Nielsen retailer panel provided automatic data collection from weekly cash registers for supermarkets and drive-through pickup while the KantarWorldpanel consumer panel released monthly data of at-home consumption behavior based on purchasing data in all distribution channels. Before the Covid-19 pandemic, out-of-home catering consumption was estimated to have an approximately 15% market share by volume within the pork sector. The almost total lockdown in France resulted in consumption being diverted to at-home supply chains. Consumers' search for proximity and social distancing has helped accelerate the fragmentation of distribution, favoring online distribution channels and alternative supermarkets to physical points of sale. Against a backdrop of a pronounced decrease in meat consumption over the past 10 years, fresh pork and self-service cold meats have served as safe-haven products in a context of reallocation of deli counter spending. Analysis of this atypical period of consumption leads to questioning the persistence of these behaviors in the medium term, both in terms of the products offered and the distribution channels.